In the context of the rich traditions of philosophy in the 21st century, some profound books contain new perspectives on old problems and challenge the status quo. The following books have revolutionized our thoughts on life, morality, and human existence. They have also spurred discussions and given rise to new schools of thought. 

This article examines five foundational works that have transformed modern philosophy. Each book has profoundly impacted the discipline, pushing the frontiers of knowledge and opening doors for more philosophical research. These books are must-reads for everyone interested in how modern thought develops, regardless of whether they are experienced philosophers or just curious readers.

The Idea of Justice by Amartya Sen

Amartya Sen's book critiques the transcendental theory of social justice, which seeks to identify perfectly just social arrangements, as it has long overlooked practical realities. Instead, Sen advocates for a comparative approach to justice, focusing on judgments of 'more' or 'less' just societies based on their institutions and social interactions.

He emphasizes the importance of respecting reasoned differences in understanding justice, acknowledging that various perspectives - utilitarians, egalitarians, labor right theorists, libertarians - may offer distinct solutions. Sen's comparative perspective aims to guide us in choosing between real-world alternatives to achieve a more just society.

Less Than Nothing by Slavoj Žižek

The author contends that while Hegel's absolute idealism has often been portrayed as a philosophical hindrance, he remains pivotal to understanding modernity's transition. Slavoj Žižek argues that revisiting Hegel and surpassing him is crucial in our current era, marked by global capitalism's turmoil. 

Žižek suggests we can better grasp our present condition and navigate the complexities of modernity by embracing and extending Hegelian principles, including engaging with contemporary ideas from Heidegger to cognitive sciences.

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A Confucian Constitutional Order by Jiang Qing

Jiang Qing proposed a distinctive form of governance for China rooted in Confucian principles, challenging the assumption that it would adopt Western-style democracy. Jiang argues against the democratic notion that people's consent is the primary source of political legitimacy, instead advocating for humane authority derived from multiple sources.

He outlines a tricameral legislature and proposes mechanisms to limit parliamentary power while advocating for a symbolic monarch. The book also includes critiques from prominent Chinese scholars and Jiang's responses, offering a nuanced exploration of China's political future beyond Western paradigms.

The Life You Can Save by Peter Singer

The author contends that despite the unprecedented potential to eliminate global poverty, a billion people endure extreme deprivation daily. Peter Singer argues that our current response, often inadequate and morally unjustifiable, demands urgent reconsideration.

Through ethical reasoning, vivid illustrations, and charitable case studies, he advocates for a transformative approach to addressing poverty. The book urges individuals to engage in effective altruism, emphasizing the moral imperative of aiding others while enhancing personal fulfillment.

Creating Capabilities by Martha C. Nussbaum

Martha Nussbaum questions the effectiveness of conventional economic indicators in truly measuring progress, particularly when they overlook basic human needs. In the book, she introduces the Capabilities Approach, which focuses on individuals' actual opportunities to lead fulfilling lives.

Nussbaum argues that policies must prioritize human dignity and self-respect. Her book, accessible to all, offers a clear explanation of this alternative model. It advocates for justice and equity globally by recognizing the importance of personal narratives and the impact of policy on daily life.

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